Mr. Rader, age 52 years, is undergoing a routine physical examination for his employer. During palpation of the prostate, the physician noted a hard nodule on the gland’s periphery. Lab tests revealed an elevated PSA level. The remainder of the examination did not reveal any other abnormalities.
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Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that affects the prostate gland, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid. It is the most common cancer in men and typically occurs in older men.
The presentation of prostate cancer may include symptoms such as difficulty urinating, frequent urges to urinate, and blood in the urine or semen. However, these symptoms are often mild in the early stages of the disease and may not be noticeable. In Mr. Rader’s case, the hard nodule on the prostate gland and elevated PSA level were detected during a routine physical examination, which suggests that the cancer may be in an advanced stage.
There are several risk factors for prostate cancer, including age, family history, and race. Men over the age of 50 are at higher risk for prostate cancer, as are men with a family history of the disease. African-American men are also at higher risk for prostate cancer, and they tend to develop the disease at a younger age and with more aggressive tumors.
The growth and course of prostate cancer can vary widely. Some tumors may grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms for many years, while others may grow more quickly and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). The decision to treat or not to treat prostate cancer is often based on the stage of the cancer, the patient’s age and overall health, and the potential risks and benefits of treatment.
If prostate cancer has spread to other parts of the body (metastasis), additional symptoms may occur. These may include pain, difficulty urinating, and swelling in the legs or other parts of the body. Treatment for metastatic prostate cancer may include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy to slow the growth of the cancer and alleviate symptoms. Surgery may also be an option in some cases. It is important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment based on the individual’s specific circumstances.
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